Review: The object of this research is the cultural values as a specific phenomenon that is especially relevant for the modern humanitarian thought. The concept of “value” has been studied since the period of Antiquity. However, it still does not have a universal definition. The added to the term predicate “cultural” amplifies the meaning of the considered concept. In this publication, the examined phenomenon is explained by the combination of the material object and the ideals (universalities) of spiritual content. Methodological foundation includes the objective-absolutistic approach that allows viewing the values as the certain atemporal, translated ideals; as well as the axiological approach that interprets culture as an integrated set of values. The scientific novelty lies in reconsideration of classification methods of the object at hand. In particular, the author concludes that the cultural values can be divided into not only panhuman and culture-specific, but also secular and religious ideals, ways of interpretation and acquisition, communicators (translators) and recipients (consumers) that also differ in their nature.

Keywords: value transmitting, universals, ideals, religious culture, secular culture, national character, cultural identity, cultural values, values, cultural and historical experience

Review: This article examines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism in the system of scientific picture of the world in the late XIX – mid XX centuries. The author reviews the projective picture of the world of the Russian cosmic scientists N. F. Fyodorov, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, V. I. Vernadsky, as well as determines the link between the Russian cosmism and the realities of modern scientific picture of the world. The goal of this work is to substantiate the demand for the ideas of Russian cosmists for positive solution of the global challenges. The problem of evolution of the scientific picture of the world is coupled with the question on further qualitative development of human essence as a sentient and active being that apprehends and influences the evolutionary processes of Earth and Cosmos, in other words, wholeness of the world. Due to the fact that this article is intended for vast audience, the author signifies the concept and historical alternativeness of the scientific picture of the world, defines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism within the system of the scientific picture of the world, and considers the projective pictures of the world of the Russian cosmists. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis of correlation between the ideas of Russian cosmism and the realities of the modern scientific picture of the world towards successful solution of the global challenges. As a result of the conducted research, the author defines the relevance of ideas of the Russian cosmism for the modern scientific picture of the world; signifies the key vectors of “fluctuation” of modern society as a system; determines the theoretical and practical grounds for positive development of the scientific picture of the world at the present stage.

Keywords: global challenges, Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich, Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich, Fedorov Nikolai Fedorovich, scientific picture of the world, Russian cosmism, synergetics, universal evolutionism, digital society, order out of chaos